Page 148 - The Ontario Curriculum, Grades 9 and 10: The Arts, 2010

THE ONTARIO CURRICULUM, GRADES 9 AND 10 | The Arts
canon. A piece in which the same melody is repeated exactly by a different voice that begins a short interval after the original voice has started. Canons may also be for more than
two voices, and may be sung or performed
on instruments. See also round.
chant. The rhythmic speaking or singing of words or sounds, sometimes using only one or two pitches, called reciting tones. Some chants are very simple (e.g., children’s chants), where- as others are very complex melodically (e.g., Gregorian chant, which was sung by monks
in religious services in the Middle Ages).
chord. Several notes, often three or four, played simultaneously, usually containing a root, third, and fifth. Chords of three notes are often called triads. For example, a G-major chord (triad) is made up of the notes G (root), B (third), and
D (fifth). Chords are usually described with roman numerals – for example, I for the chord on the first degree of the scale, or tonic; V for the chord on the fifth degree of the scale, or dominant; IV for the chord on the fourth degree of the scale, or subdominant. A commonly used chord progression is therefore written and described as I–IV–V–I.
chord progression. See chord.
chorus. One or more lines that are repeated at
the end of a verse in a song.
chromatic scale. A scale made up of twelve consecutive notes, each a half step apart.
coda. (1) An extra section of music at the end of a piece. (2) A concluding musical section announcing the end of a piece.
commercial music. Music in various styles, usually styles of popular music, that is dissemi-
nated through mass media.
compose. Create a piece of music (a composition) using the elements of music to convey musical thoughts and meaning.
compound metre. A metre in which each main beat in a bar is divided into three (e.g., com- pound duple: 68 ; compound triple: 98 ). See also metre.
cycle of fifths. Also often called the circle of fifths, because a succession of perfect fifths leads back to the starting point after proceeding through all twelve tones (C–G–D–A–E–B– F♯–C♯/D♭–A♭–E♭–B♭–F–C). Keys that are most closely related to a main key are those that are based on the note a fifth above or a fifth below the main key.
diatonic. A term used to describe the major and minor scales, as well as intervals and chords based on the notes of these scales. It is also used to describe the harmonic language of musical styles that are largely based on the use of the major and minor scales, rather than on the chromatic scale.
digital. A way of recording music in which the sound waves are represented digitally (as a numbered sequence in a computer) resulting in a much cleaner recording with very little background noise.
dissonance. Any musical sound that requires a resolution in a particular context.
duration. The element of music relating to time. Major aspects include beat, rhythm, metre, and tempo.
dynamics. The element of music relating to the varying degree of volume. Some fundamental concepts related to this element are: crescendo, decrescendo; forte ( f – loud), fortissimo ( ff – very loud), mezzo forte (mf – moderately loud); piano (p – soft), pianissimo (pp – very soft), mezzo piano (mp – moderately soft).
elements of music. Fundamental components
of music. They are defined for the purposes of this document as duration (beat, rhythm, metre, tempo), pitch (melody), dynamics, timbre, texture/harmony, and form. See also individual entries for all of these terms.
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