Page 186 - The Ontario Curriculum, Grades 9-12: Health and Physical Education, 2015 - revised

Grade 12, University Preparation
C1. demonstrate an understanding of the phases of movement and of physical laws and biomechanical principles related to improving movement;
C2. demonstrate an understanding of human growth and motor development, and apply it to the design of age-appropriate movement activities and to the enhancement of movement skills.
C1. The Mechanics of Movement
THE ONTARIO CURRICULUM, GRADES 9–12 | Health and Physical Education
C. BIOMECHANICS AND MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
OVERALL EXPECTATIONS
By the end of this course, students will:
SPECIFIC EXPECTATIONS
By the end of this course, students will:
C1.1 explain basic laws and concepts of physics that relate to human movement (e.g., the concept of force and its relationship to motion, Newton’s three laws of motion, types of motion, levers and the law of levers)
Teacher prompt: “Newton’s laws of motion describe how the forces acting on a body de- termine its motion. There are three of these laws: the law of inertia, the law of acceleration, and the law of reaction. Identify and describe an example of each of Newton’s three laws of motion, and then explain how each law can be applied to human movement.”
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Teacher prompt: “Levers reduce the amount of effort that is needed to move something. In the human body, levers formed by our muscles and joints play a critical role in our ability to move. There are three types of levers. A class I lever has its fulcrum (the pivot point) between the force and the load. A class II lever has the fulcrum and force at opposite ends and the load in the middle. In a class III lever the fulcrum and load are at opposite ends and the force is applied in the middle. Think about an everyday activity (e.g., nodding your head, walking up stairs, shovelling snow), identify the type of lever that is used, and explain how that particular class of lever causes the desired movement. What type
of lever is most commonly found in our bodies?”
Student: “When I’m shovelling snow, the loaded snow shovel is at the end of my arm, and my elbow joint acts as the fulcrum. The force required to lift the snow is generated by my biceps muscle and applied to my forearm, thus lifting the shovel upwards. Because the force is applied between the fulcrum and the load, this is a class III lever. This is the most common type of lever in the human body.”
C1.2 describe the biomechanical principles that govern stability and human movement (e.g., stability, maximization of force, linear motion, angular motion), and explain how they can be applied to improve a movement or skill
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