Page 398 - Social Sciences Humanities - The Ontario Curriculum Grades 9 to 12 - 2013

THE ONTARIO CURRICULUM, GRADES 9–12 | Social Sciences and Humanities
natural consequences. The direct effects of a person’s behaviour. When negative, they can lead to decreases in that behaviour. Natural conse­ quences can be used as a discipline strategy that allows children to learn from their mistakes. They are most effective when the consequences follow very soon after the behaviour and are not severe or dangerous. See also logical consequences.
permissive parenting style. A parenting style characterized by a high degree of warmth and few demands on the children.
physical development. The growth and matura­ tion of the senses, muscles, and gross and fine motor skills.
plasticity. The ability to be altered. Neuroplasticity refers to the ability of the brain to “rewire” itself, or reorganize neural connections, as a result of new experiences.
play-based approach to learning. A curriculum- planning strategy based on the notion that young children learn most effectively through play that stimulates physical, social, emotional, cognitive, and linguistic development. See
also problem-based approach to learning.
postpartum depression. Depression or anger sometimes felt by women after giving birth. Normal postpartum depression usually sub­ sides after ten days. More severe postpartum depression or postpartum psychosis, a serious mental illness, may develop in the first year after giving birth.
problem-based approach to learning. A student- centred curriculum-planning strategy in which
students generally work in collaborative groups to solve open-ended, challenging problems. Teachers act as facilitators in this approach.
See also play-based approach to learning.
running record. In the context of child observa­ tion strategies, a very detailed description of behaviour or an event, which is recorded as
it happens. See also anecdotal record and
event sample.
scaffolding. An instructional strategy in which a child is supported as he or she develops skills and knowledge. Gradually the scaffolds are removed as the child can complete particular tasks independently.
social development. The growth and maturation of children’s ability to interact effectively with others and communicate in meaningful ways.
temperament. The natural, innate aspects of an individual’s personality. In infants, temperament refers to the natural style of reacting to and interacting with people, places, and things. According to one theory, the three types of temperament are easy, difficult, and slow to warm up.
teratogens. A drug, chemical, or infection that has been shown to cause physical or develop­ mental abnormalities in a fetus.
GENERAL SOCIAL SCIENCES
agents of socialization. The individuals, groups, and institutions that create the social context in which socialization takes place. It is through agents of socialization that individuals learn and incorporate the values and norms of their culture as well as their various positions in the social structure with respect to class, race, and gender.
alienation. The condition of being withdrawn or apart from the social world.
anthropology. The study of humans of the past and present. Anthropologists examine humans through investigations of culture, language, physical remains, and material evidence
(e.g., pottery, remains of structures, etc.).
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