Page 397 - Social Sciences Humanities - The Ontario Curriculum Grades 9 to 12 - 2013

Raising and Caring for Children
active listening. A communication skill in which the listener focuses closely on the speaker’s verbal and non-verbal messages and summarizes these messages to confirm understanding.
anecdotal record. In the context of child obser­ vation strategies, a written record describing events in a child’s day. Anecdotal records usually focus on simple interactions that a child has with other children, with adults, and with materials. See also event sample and running record.
attachment. The emotional bond between an infant or young child and his or her parent or caregiver. All infants form some type of attach­ ment to their primary caregiver. The nature of the attachment depends on the reliability and responsiveness of the caregiver (e.g., secure attachments form when the primary caregiver reliably responds to the infant’s needs).
authoritarian parenting style. A parenting style characterized by significant demands and very little support or warmth. Authoritarian parents usually punish children who fail to follow rules.
authoritative parenting style. A parenting style characterized by significant demands and a high level of support and warmth. When children don’t meet their expectations, authoritative parents tend to be supportive, nurturing, and forgiving.
cognitive development. The development of thought processes, including those related to memory, problem solving, decision making, and abstract thinking.
contraception. Any of a variety of methods used to prevent pregnancy, including barrier, hormonal, natural, and surgical methods. Some types of contraception also provide protection against sexually transmitted infections.
culture. The customary beliefs, values, social forms, and material traits of an ethnic, religious, or social group.
emergent curriculum. A child- rather than teacher-directed teaching strategy sometimes used in early childhood education. In this approach, the teacher creates learning possibilities that stem directly from the children’s interests and ideas.
emotional development. The maturational process of learning to recognize one’s own and others’ feelings and to express one’s feelings.
event sample. In the context of child observation strategies, a record of the details of an event, including its antecedents and consequences, recorded by an observer. See also anecdotal record and running record.
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Permanent birth defects caused by the mother’s consumption of alcohol during pregnancy.
gender. The characteristics of women and men that are socially constructed.
identity. A person’s sense of self. Factors that contribute to identity include gender, ethnicity, religion, vocation, and relationships.
infant-directed talk. A form of speech often used by parents and caregivers communicating with infants and toddlers, it is characterized
by a high pitch and short and simplified words, and it sometimes uses “cooing” sounds. Infant- directed talk has been found to attract the atten­ tion of infants and may be an important compo­ nent of the parent-infant attachment process.
logical consequences. In the context of childcare, responses by a parent or other authority figure that are clearly related to, but not inevitable results of, a child’s behaviour. For example,
if a child rides his or her bicycle onto the road without permission, a logical consequence might be that he or she is not allowed to ride a bicycle for a set number of days. Logical consequences are an effective discipline strategy when the natural consequences of a particular behaviour would be severe or unsafe. See also natural consequences.
GLOSSARY
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