Page 80 - The Ontario Curriculum, Grades 11 and 12: Science, 2008 (revised)

Grade 12, University Preparation
B1. analyse technological applications of enzymes in some industrial processes, and evaluate technological advances in the field of cellular biology;
B2. investigate the chemical structures, functions, and chemical properties of biological molecules involved in some common cellular processes and biochemical reactions;
B3. demonstrate an understanding of the structures and functions of biological molecules, and the biochemical reactions required to maintain normal cellular function.
B1. Relating Science to Technology, Society, and the Environment
B2. Developing Skills of Investigation and Communication
THE ONTARIO CURRICULUM, GRADES 11 AND 12 | science
SPECIFIC EXPECTATIONS
By the end of this course, students will:
B1.1 analyse technological applications related to enzyme activity in the food and pharmaceutical industries (e.g., the production of dairy products; breadmaking; the use of enzymes to control reaction rates in pharmaceuticals) [AI, C]
Sample issue: Natural enzymes are used in many food production processes to speed up chemical reactions, which reduces water usage and energy consumption. Scientists are now designing and producing synthetic enzymes that will be more efficient catalysts and allow new technological applications in medicine and industry.
Sample questions: Why are there so many dif- ferent varieties of cheese when the production process is basically the same for all cheeses? What types of food production processes use enzymes to improve production yields? How do they do so? How and why are enzymes used as pharmaceutical supplements to treat digest- ive system disorders such as celiac disease and lactose intolerance?
B1.2 evaluate, on the basis of research, some advan- ces in cellular biology and related technological applications (e.g., new treatments for cancer, HIV/AIDS, and hepatitis C; radioisotopic label- ling to study the function of internal organs; fluorescence to study genetic material within cells; forensic biological techniques to aid in crime resolution) [IP, PR, AI, C]
Sample issue: In nuclear medicine, radioactive compounds are injected into the body so that images of cells can be scanned to diagnose and treat medical conditions such as cancer and heart disease. Radioisotopes may now be used so routinely and effectively that we have come to rely on them despite concerns about produc- tion safety.
Sample questions: How are drugs used to target tumour cells during chemotherapy? How are scientists using bacteria to create antibiotics that fight drug-resistant bacteria strains? What role might nanotechnologies play in replacing current diagnostic and treatment technologies?
By the end of this course, students will:
B2.1 use appropriate terminology related to bio- chemistry, including, but not limited to: active and passive transport, covalent and ionic bond, allosteric site, substrate, substrate-enzyme complex, and inhibition [C]
B2.2 plan and conduct an investigation to demon- strate the movement of substances across a membrane (e.g., the effects of salt water and distilled water on a potato) [IP, PR]
B2.3 construct and draw three-dimensional molecu- lar models of important biochemical compounds, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids [PR, C]

B. BiochemiStry OVERALL EXPECTATIONS
By the end of this course, students will: