Page 290 - THE ONTARIO CURRICULUM, GRADES 9 to 12 | First Nations, Métis, and Inuit Studies

THE ONTARIO CURRICULUM, GRADES 9–12 | First Nations, Métis, and Inuit Studies
Sheelah McLean, and Nina Wilson to protest, and work towards changing, contemporary realities experienced by First Nations, Métis, and Inuit in Canada. The movement grew out of concern over the implications of Bill C-45 with respect to environmental protection and the sovereignty of First Nations peoples.
impact and benefit agreement. A contract made between companies and Indigenous commu- nities that consents to the company using Indigenous lands, but also outlines agreements with respect to compensation, employment for band members, and environmental impacts.
Indian. Under the Indian Act, “a person who pursuant to this Act is registered as an Indian or is entitled to be registered as an Indian”. Outside this specific legal purpose, the term is often seen as outdated and offensive, and the term “First Nation” is preferred. See also First Nations; Indian Act.
Indian Act. Federal legislation that regulates Indians and reserves and sets out certain federal government powers and responsibilities regard- ing First Nations and their reserved lands. The first Indian Act was passed in 1876. Since then, the act has undergone numerous amendments, revisions, and re-enactments.
Indian agent. A representative of the federal government who enforced the Indian Act, including provisions relating to land, health care, education, cultural practices, and political structures, in a specific area or district. See also Indian Act.
Indigeneity. The expression of an Indigenous
identity based on one’s connection to Indigenous land, family, and/or community.
Indigenous. A term referring to the original peoples of a particular land or region. First Nations (status and non-status), Inuit, and Métis are recognized as the Indigenous peoples of Canada. See also First Nations; Inuit; Métis.
Indigenous ecological knowledge (IEK). Deep understanding of and knowledge about the
environment that derives from Indigenous peoples’ long histories and experiences on the land. IEK focuses on sustainable practices and reciprocal relationships between the environ- ment and all living things, and preservation of the environment and its resources for future generations.
Indigenous ways of knowing. Place- or com- munity-based knowledge that recognizes the interconnectedness of all living things and is obtained through an Indigenous person’s lived experience, relationships, teachings, and ances- tral connections to the land.
intergenerational survivors. An individual, family member, relative, or anyone else who has been affected by intergenerational dysfunction created by the traumas and other experiences of the residential school system. See also residen- tial school system.
Inuit (singular: Inuk). Original inhabitants of northern Canada, living mainly in Nunavut, the Northwest Territories, northern Quebec, and northern Labrador. The word means “the people” in the Inuit language of Inuktitut. Inuit are not covered by the Indian Act. The federal government has entered into several major land claim settlements with Inuit.
Inuit Nunaat. The four Inuit regions in Canada (Nunatsiavut in northern Labrador, Nunavik in northern Quebec, the territory of Nunavut, and the Inuvialuit region in the Northwest Territories).
inuksuk (plural: inuksuit). A human-made stone structure that functions to warn or inform Inuit
travellers and hunters; inuksuit are important to Inuit survival in the Arctic climate.
Ipperwash Provincial Park occupation. To assert a land claim in the area, in 1995 Ojibwe protesters occupied Ipperwash Provincial Park, which had been expropriated by the federal government in 1942. Dudley George, an Ojibwe man, was killed by members of the Ontario Provincial Police during the dispute, ultimately leading to a provincial inquiry. The land in
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