Page 573 - THE ONTARIO CURRICULUM, GRADES 11 AND 12 | Canadian and World Studies

system. Something made up of interconnected elements and processes that contribute to the whole (e.g., political systems, economic systems, natural systems).
tailings. Waste material left after a resource has been extracted during the mining process (e.g., the extraction of minerals from rocks, oil from the oil sands). Tailings are often toxic because of the processes used to separate the valuable materials from the waste.
tectonic forces. Forces caused by movements within or beneath Earth’s crust that can produce earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. These forces result in the building up and tearing down of Earth’s physical features (e.g., mountains, valleys, trenches). See also plate tectonics.
TEK. See traditional ecological knowledge.
temperance movement. The movement to control or ban alcoholic beverages. Although it was active in Canada, the temperance movement was particularly successful in the United States: in 1920, a constitutional amendment went into effect banning the sale of alcoholic beverages in that country, bringing about the period known as Prohibition.
terrace farming. A farming method in which fields are cut into hillsides to produce a series of steps or terraces. Walls are often used to hold soil in place.
tertiary industries. See service-based industries.
thematic map. A map depicting specific charac- teristics for a given area (e.g., a political map of the world, a natural resource map of Ontario, a map showing the destination of immigrants in early twentieth-century Canada). See also map.
topographic map. A map whose primary purpose is to show the relief of the land through the use of contour lines. It also uses symbols and colour to show a variety of built features. See also map.
traditional ecological knowledge (TEK). Knowledge, practices, and beliefs relating
to the environment that have been built up by First Nations, Métis, and Inuit peoples over generations through experience, observation, and close contact with nature.
traditional economy. An economic system in which decisions are made on the basis of customs, beliefs, religion, and habit. Traditional economies are often based on hunting, fishing, and/or sub- sistence agriculture. See also economic system.
transnational corporation. See multinational corporation.
Treaties of Peace and Friendship. A series of treaties negotiated throughout the eighteenth century between First Nations and imperial powers in North America. The first, the Great Peace of Montreal (1701), ended conflict between New France and the Haudenosaunee Nation. It was followed by a series of treaties between the British Crown and First Nations in the Maritimes. Unlike later treaties signed in other parts of Canada, the Peace and Friendship Treaties did not involve First Nations’ surrendering rights to the resources they had traditionally used or the lands they had traditionally occupied.
treaty. A formal agreement between two or more parties. In Canada, treaties are often formal historical agreements between the Crown and Aboriginal peoples; these treaties are often interpreted differently by federal, provincial, and Aboriginal governments.
Treaty of Paris (1763). The treaty that formally ended the Seven Years’ War. Among its provisions, France ceded New France to Britain, which renamed the territory Quebec.
treaty rights. Rights specified in a treaty. In Canada, the rights of Aboriginal people to hunt and fish in traditional territory and to use and occupy reserves are typical treaty rights. This concept can have different meanings depending on context and the perspective of the user.
GLOSSARY
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