Page 565 - THE ONTARIO CURRICULUM, GRADES 11 AND 12 | Canadian and World Studies

infant mortality rate. The death rate of children between birth and one year of age in a given area, expressed per 1,000 live births.
infographic. A graphic visual representation of information and/or data. It is usually an image with accompanying information or data.
infrastructure. The networks of transportation, communications, education, and other public services that are required to sustain economic and societal activities.
interest group. See stakeholder.
intergovernmental organization. An agency established by a formal agreement between member national governments (e.g., the United Nations, the Commonwealth).
intermediate directions. See cardinal directions.
International Court of Justice (ICJ). Established under the United Nations Charter in 1945, the ICJ is the primary judicial organ of the UN. It settles disputes brought to it by states and gives opinions on legal questions submitted to it by UN or other agencies.
International Criminal Court (ICC). A perma- nent, treaty-based, international criminal court established in 2002 to help end impunity for the perpetrators of the most serious crimes of concern to the international community, including war crimes and genocide. Unlike the ICJ, the ICC is not part of the United Nations system.
internment. In the context of Canadian history, the detention, confinement, or incarceration of people, often enemy aliens, under the federal War Measures Act. See also enemy aliens; War Measures Act.
Inuit. Aboriginal people in northern Canada, living mainly in Nunavut, the Northwest Territories, northern Quebec, and Labrador. Ontario has a very small Inuit population. The Inuit are not covered by the Indian Act.
invasive species. An organism, plant, animal, fungus, or bacterium that is not native to a region and has negative effects on the new environment.
issue. A topic or question of concern on which people may take different points of view.
judicial branch.* The branch of government that interprets the law – in other words, the courts. Also referred to as “the Queen in Banco” or
“the Queen on the Bench”. See also branches
of government; executive branch; legislative branch.
judicial discretion. The power the law gives a court or a judge to choose between two or more lawful alternatives or to make decisions based on fairness or a weighing of the facts and circumstances.
judicial independence. The concept that the judicial branch must decide cases based on their merits, free from interference from other sources, including other branches of government. In Canada, judicial independence is entrenched
in the Constitution.
knowledge-based industries. The part of the economy that is knowledge-based, such as government, scientific research, education, and information technology. Also referred to as the quaternary sector. See also economic sector.
Komagata Maru. A ship that arrived in Vancouver in May 1914 carrying 376 Indian citizens, all of whom were British subjects, seeking entry into Canada. The passengers were met with hostility, and most were not permitted to disembark. After attempts to challenge Canada’s exclusionist immigration policy proved unsuccessful, the ship and its passengers, which had been detained in port for two months, were sent back to India.
Kyoto Protocol. An international agreement created under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997, this protocol committed major industrial nations to reducing their annual carbon emissions to below 1990 levels, while providing financial supports to developing nations to encourage them to eventually follow suit. Canada ratified the accord in 2002 but announce its withdrawal from it in 2011.
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