Page 192 - THE ONTARIO CURRICULUM, GRADES 9 AND 10 | Canadian and World Studies

THE ONTARIO CURRICULUM, GRADES 9 AND 10 | Canadian and World Studies
Parliament of Canada.* The supreme legislature of Canada, consisting of the Queen (represented by the Governor General), the Senate, and the House of Commons.
pass system. An informal administrative policy that restricted the movement of First Nations people by requiring them to obtain a pass from an Indian agent in order to leave the reserve. See also Indian agent.
Peace and Friendship Treaties. Agreements signed by the Mi’kmaq, Maliseet, and Passamaquoddy on the Eastern Coast of Canada and the British in 1779. These treaties did not include the surrender of lands and resources. They were intended to establish the basis for an ongoing relationship between the British and First Nations.
peacekeeping. Intervention, often by international forces (military, police, and/or civilian) in countries or regions that are experiencing conflict, with the goal of maintaining peace and security and helping create a social and political environment that leads to lasting peace. International peacekeeping missions are generally conducted under the auspices of the United Nations.
Pemmican Proclamation. An 1814 decree that prohibited the export of pemmican and other goods from the Red River district to Assiniboia, the proclamation had a major impact on both Métis and the fur trade.
per capita income. The average amount of money earned per person per year in a country or region.
petroglyphs. Rock carvings that transmit stories, teachings, traditions, and/or knowledge. In Canada, petroglyphs created by Indigenous peoples are sacred.
physical feature. An aspect of a place or area that derives from the physical environment (e.g., water bodies – lakes, rivers, oceans, seas, swamps; landforms – mountains, valleys, hills, plateaus; soil types; vegetation).
physical region. A geographic area character- ized by similar landforms, climate, soil, and vegetation.
pictograph. A graph that uses pictures or symbols for statistical comparisons.
plate tectonics. The movement of the thin outer layer of Earth’s crust on which the oceans and continents rest. This movement, which is driven mainly by convection currents in material beneath the crust, by gravity, and by Earth’s rotation, results in the buckling (fold mountains), tearing (earthquakes), and erupting (volcanoes) of Earth’s surface. See also tectonic forces.
pluriculturalism. The idea that individuals belong to multiple groups, nations, identities, and cultures that shape their beliefs, awareness, and actions.
political region. A geographical area that shares a government and has its own leaders and sets of laws.
population density. The average number of people in a particular area, calculated by divid- ing the number of people by a unit of space (e.g., per square kilometre).
population distribution. The way in which a population is spread across a geographical area.
population pyramid. A horizontal bar graph that indicates the number of people in different age groups and the balance between males and females in the population. These graphs can be used for a city, country, or other political region.
potlatch. Among Northwest Coast First Nations, a gift-giving ceremony and feast held to celebrate important events and to acknowledge a family’s status in the community.
premier. The head of a provincial or territorial government in Canada.
primary industries/primary sector. Industries that harvest or extract raw materials or natural resources (e.g., agriculture, ranching, forestry, fishing, mining). See also economic sector.
190